The U.S. energy crisis in the 1970's Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

The U.S. energy crisis in the 1970's - Assignment Example Americas advanced consumer society (consumerism) produced the social movement in environmentalism.1 This had prevented oil and gas exploration in pristine wilderness areas of America which made the country more dependent on foreign oil sources, after becoming a net importer of oil for the first time, when it was once a leading oil producer. This made America particularly vulnerable to foreign political shocks, such as the Arab oil embargo in 1973. Foreign oil supplies were again unexpectedly disrupted by the Iranian Revolution in 1979. American cars prior to the energy crisis were gas guzzlers (not fuel-efficient) as Americans got used to having a big car, when oil supplies were previously cheap and plentiful. President Jimmy Carter by then tried to introduce the â€Å"moral equivalent of war† against energy waste while trying to develop the rational national energy plan but the concept of alternative energy was just a nascent idea then.2 The government had implored people to reduce energy use, such as setting the speed limit at 55 miles per hour and turning off unnecessary electric lights, like not lighting their Christmas trees.3 But perhaps most importantly, people had not yet grasped the full importance of the concept of â€Å"peak oil† which means oil supplies will continue on an irreversible downward trend forever.4 It simply means people cannot continue using oil like they did before, as supplies are running out; people need to find alternative energy sources which are environment-friendly too. Moreover, the social movement of environmentalism had some extremist advocates, who did not want any type of exploration activities at all; the idea of conservation did not appeal to them (the wise and prudent use of natural resources) and all they want is complete

The North Shore Essay Example for Free

The North Shore Essay To travel across Minnesota, is the opportunity to experience the vast prairie lands, where an individual can see as far as the eye allows, to the lakes, where the water calms, and the trees enrich the landscape.   Perhaps no venture is as rich as the North Shore, where the terrain is varied, the fog rolls in as across what appears to be an ocean, and the view is grand.    The journey north to The North Shore, is enlivened with small towns, each filled with treasures from local artisans, and every other shop boasting of being the best in canoeing outfitters as the Boundary Waters approaches.    It is where an individual can quite literally reach the â€Å"end of the road.†Ã‚   The North Shore has had an impact on the history of Minnesota, from the settling of the land, to the economic fortunes and misfortunes. Tourism in the Duluth and North Shore area continues to expand, in this area rich in history.   The Superior Hiking Trail, a long distance footpath, was modeled after the Appalachian Trail, runs along the ridgeline adjacent to Lake Superiors North Shore from Duluth, Minnesota to the Canadian border.   By 1998, 240 miles of the project has been completed. The trail was completed with the assistance of federal, state and local governments in combination with artists, resort and business owners, and hiking enthusiasts.   The Trail was officially opened in July 1987 at Briton Peak on the Sawbill Trail. According to Backpacker magazine, Minnesota’s Superior Hiking Trail (SHT) ranks as one of the 10 best hiking trails in the country.   This trail covers 224 miles of Minnesota’s most rugged terrain, running parallel to the North Shore of Lake Superior.   Throughout the trail, there are more than two-dozen rivers and streams among the ridges of the Sawtooth Mountains.   Throughout the trail there are opportunities to see Lake Superior and numerous inland lakes.   The high ridges are covered with oak trees and maple trees.   Additional growth includes boreal evergreens, birch, and aspen.   In the valleys, cedar and spruce trees and interspersed with red and white pine. The Superior National Forest The Superior Forest is covered with 445,000 acres of surface water, more than 1,300 miles of cold-water streams and 950 miles of warm water streams flow within the boundaries of the Superior. Fish species such as walleye, northern pike, small mouth bass, lake trout, brook trout, rainbow trout, and brown trout can be found in abundance in these waters. The northern forest continues to thrive with a variety of pine, fir and spruce trees and a variety of wildlife including deer, moose, the gray wolf, and black bear.   The population of the gray wolf has returned in Northern Minnesota, where it had once dwindled.   Reports of the wolf population vary from 300 to 2500.   (www.duluthstreams.org) Lake Superior was known to the Native Americans as Gitche Gumi.   The North Shore is 150 miles long.   Lake Superior, the world’s largest freshwater lake, covers about 31,700 square miles.   Lake Superior is the deepest of the Great Lakes, as much as 700 feet deep, only 3 miles out from shore. The deepest spot, 1,332 feet, is 40 miles off Munising, Michigan. The lake is 380 miles long, 160 miles wide, and has a surface area of 31,700 square miles, and 2900 miles of shoreline. (www.duluthstreams.org) History of Lake Superior The Native Americans first traveled Lake Superior using birch bark canoes to navigate the waters of Lake Superior.   Immigrant Europeans also used birch bark canoes to explore Lake Superior as early as the 1600s.   During the 1700s, the fur trade expanded the economy of the area, increasing the usage of Lake Superior by larger, cargo-carrying vessels.   When the fur trade declined in the 1800s, the local economy focused their efforts on fishing Lake Superior.   Merchant ships increase trade and transportation. Settlement of the North Shore began following the La Pointe Treaty in 1854, in which the Native Americans gave the Minnesota shoreline of Lake Superior to the United States.   (Castle, 1915)   The signing of the La Pointe Treaty was the Ojibwe surrender of their last territory.   They didn’t fully understand the process and believed they were working toward a compromise when it occurred. Because of the rich resources of copper, iron, and timber, navigation of Lake Superior continued to grow.   With the introduction of the railroad, bulk cargo of wheat and corn became more common.   With the increase in traffic on Lake Superior, came increased risk, as ships and sailors were lost due to weather, human error or mechanical failure.   The collapse of the fur trade made an economic impact on the area of Lake   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   1 Rhoda R. Gilman, The History and Peopling of Minnesota: Its Culture, Daedalus 129.3 (2000): 1, Questia, 24 Apr. 2007 http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=od=5001774954. Superior and the Native Americans, who had once participated in trade between themselves and the Europeans.   (Castle, 1915) The waters of Minnesota flow south to the Gulf of Mexico, east to the Atlantic Ocean, and north to Hudson Bay.   Minnesota’s history is interwoven with that of Canada, â€Å"described by French traders and missionaries in the 1600s, the region was for practical purposes a part of British territory until well into the nineteenth century. Today it shares with the Province of Ontario a coastline on Lake Superior and a vast wilderness canoe country. With Manitoba it shares the agricultural wealth and the flood problems of the Red River Valley, and it depends on the prairie provinces for vital energy resourcesoil from Alberta and Saskatchewan, and hydroelectricity from northern Manitoba.†1 This area was first settled by Native Americans from the St. Lawrence Valley.   The Ojibwe Indians, settled in the areas west of Lake Michigan and Superior, in an attempt to flee the Iroquois.   â€Å"For the next century and a half the land now comprising Minnesota was included in the Canadian fur-trade systema continent-spanning network that linked American Indian cultures and resources with the commercial world of Europe. Indian people handled production on their own terms, while transportation and marketing were dominated first by licensees of the French crown and later by large British-managed monopolies.†1 1 Rhoda R. Gilman, The History and Peopling of Minnesota: Its Culture, Daedalus 129.3 (2000): 1, Questia, 24 Apr. 2007 http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=od=5001774954. Initially, settlement of the area occurred quickly, as the rumors of copper and gold spread.   As the railroad neared, the population of Duluth grew from 14 families in January of 1869, to 3,500 people by July of 1869, mostly consisting of Scandinavian immigrants. The increase in population also brought an increase in the building of sawmills, grain elevators and warehouses, and homes. (www.mnhs.org) Following the 1873 Panic, Duluth’s population rapidly dwindled to 1,300 people.  Ã‚   A period of recovery occurred during 1879 and 1889, returning stability to the area. The economy in Duluth rapidly spread across the state, increasing the ability to trade grain from the prairies.   Two Harbors was established as the first iron ore port in Minnesota, increasing the opportunities for laborers in the state.   The fishing industry continued to grow, from 35 commercial fisherman in 1879, to 195 commercial fisherman in 1885.   The fishing industry followed the same path as the fur trade, and eventually commercial fishermen were forced to look for other work.   (Castle, 1915) As an outlet for iron, Duluth became Minnesota’s third major city.   Shipbuilding opened up new opportunities in the area, bringing further prosperity.   Railroad yards and ore docks continued to multiply after the turn of the century, to meet demand.   (Gillman, 2000, 1)   To increase the ability to transport material goods, a trail through the woods was established during the 1870.   As the railroad expanded in the state, the Duluth Iron Range Railway was constructed connecting Duluth and Two Harbors in 1889.   The road led to a great deal of change in the lives of the residents and in the economy.   No longer were the residents of the area dependent on outside vendors to transport their products.   Roads enabled them to transport their own products.   Roads also increased tourism in the area.   (Castle, 1915) As spoken by New York journalist, John St. John in 1946, while describing Lake Superior: â€Å"To the travelerlet me say a few words. Take a bark canoe, which two or three trials will make you at home in, for they are much easier to get the ‘hang’ of than most persons suppose; go to the adjacent islands, run into the caverns and grottos which cannot be reached in any other way. If you are in pursuit of pleasure, whether lady or gentleman, you can find it in the Lake Superior region, provided you can be pleased with grand scenery, water-falls, lakes and mountains.†1 (www.mnhs.org) The Sault Locks were completed in 1855, enabling steamboats on the Lakes to carry passengers and freight.   During the first year, 149 steamers carried 8,295 passengers and 5,690 tons of cargo.   (Blegen, 1963) Reportedly, Minnesota as a tourist destination began in the spring of 1826, when   the steamer Lawrence arrived in Fort Snelling, needing   to re-establish its communication with the outside world.   (www.mnhs.org)   Fort Snelling became a popular location, with steamers arriving with passengers who were on what they considered to be a â€Å"fashionable tour of the Northwest.   It wasn’t long before visitors from as far away as New Orleans, St. Louis, and Pittsburgh traveled to Minnesota for a variety of reasons. Minnesota is rich in both history and culture.   First settled by the Ojibwe Indians, Minnesota was forever altered by the European immigrants who established treaties in order to acquire the land for their settlement.   These treaties forced the Native Americans to move onto reservations.   During the time span between 1826 and 1871, six treaties and agreements with the Dakota nation, and sixteen treaties, agreements, and major pieces of legislation affecting the Ojibwe, were used to take the native land.   (Peacock, 2000) References Blegen, Theodore C. (1963) Minnesota: A History of the State. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press. Castle Henry A. (1915) Minnesota, Its Story and Biography, 2 vols. Chicago: Lewis Publishing Company. Copway, George. Life, Letters, and Speeches. Ed. A. Lavonne Brown Ruoff and Donald B. Smith. Lincoln, NE: University of Nebraska Press, 1997. Questia. 24 Apr. 2007 http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=od=21009722. Duluth, Minn. a See-Worthy Seaport on Lake Superior. (2004, October 17). Daily Herald (Arlington Heights, IL), p. 3. Retrieved April 23, 2007, from Questia database: http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=od=5007582493 Gilman, R. R. (2000). The History and Peopling of Minnesota: Its Culture. Daedalus, 129(3), 1. Retrieved April 23, 2007, from Questia database: http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=od=5001774954 Minnesota Historical Society.   (1996)   Minnesota Lake Superior History.   Retrieved April 23, 2007 from http://www.mnhs.org/places/nationalregister/shipwrecks Peacock, Thomas D., and Donald R. Day. Nations within a Nation: The Dakota and Ojibwe of Minnesota. Daedalus 129.3 (2000): 137. Questia. 24 Apr. 2007 http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=od=5001775006.

British Influence Turned the Indians From Civilized to Savage-Like Essa

British Influence Turned the Indians From Civilized to Savage-Like The average British citizen in America during the 17th Century had a preconceived notion of Indians as savage beasts. However, before the arrival of the British, the New England Indians, specifically the Wampanoag tribe, lived a harmonious and interdependent lifestyle. Conflict among the Wampanoag was limited to minor tribal disputes. The war methods of the Indians were in fact more civilized than the British methods. The close living quarters of the British and Indians forced the Indians to adopt aspects of British civilization in order to survive, such as the ways of warfare. Douglas Leach in his book Flintlock and Tomahawk: New England in the time of King Philip's War argues that British influence on Indian society turned the Indians from savage to civilized. This paper will argue that British influence turned the Indians from civilized to savage. The examination of Wampanoag behavior from before British influence through King Philip's War proves that Wampanoag beliefs became more materialistic, that land ownership became important, and that unnecessary violence became a part of their warfare. The way the Indians conducted war, although it appeared primitive and frightening, in actuality was less barbaric than the Puritans way of warfare. Leach describes the Wampanoag way of battle as unsophisticated and dance around a fire beating drums with their faces painted in order to demonstrate their ferocious manners. Then, using bows and arrows, tomahawks, and knives the Indians would send small groups of warriors against their enemy village. As a form of revenge during war the Indians often scalped their enemies as a trophy or captured their enemies for... ... in reality the Indians showed more civility than the British. It was not until the adoption of British methods that the Indians behavior became uncivilized, ruthless and cruel. Works Cited Anderson, Virginia DeJohn. "King Philip's Herds: Indians, Colonists, and the Problem of Livestock in Early New England." William and Mary Quarterly 51.(1994): 601-624 Drake, James D. King Philip's War: Civil War in New England 1675-1676. Massachusetts: University of Massachusetts Press, 1999. Hirsch, Adam J. "The Collision of Military Cultures in Seventeenth-Century New England." The Journal of American History. 74. 4 (1988): 1187-1212. Leach, Douglas E. flintlock and Tomahawk: New England in King Philip's War. NewYork: Norton, 1959 Salisbury, Neal, ed. The Sovereignty and Goodness of God by Mary Rowlandson with Related Documents. Boston: Bedford Books, 1997.

Automobile and Car Pooling Essay

Car pooling, also known as ride-sharing or lift-sharing, can save you big bucks on gas, wear and tear on your vehicle, oil resources and reduce all the associated nasty environmental impact associated with your driving. The benefits of carpooling are many. If you are currently driving every day, you’re going to save money on your commute costs by carpooling. In some cases, depending on the length of your commute and the number of days you don’t drive, the savings can be significant. You’ll endure less stress on your commute. Finally, by driving less you’ll be helping to keep the air clean. First, car pooling saves you big bucks on gas by, instead of you and your friend, cousin, or relative both taking different cars and you both are going to the same place, you both can take the same car and share the gas money instead of taking your own cars and paying much more gas money. Couple months ago gas prices were going up, I think that people are deciding to car pool more so they can save big bucks on gas. Also, rather than you and your buddy or cousin both adding mileage on your cars you both can just go together and add mileage to one of your cars instead both cars. This can also lower the risk of car accidents that happen on the road if there is less cars being used. If you and your friends car pool then you guys need to always plan the times because no one want to be late to work or any other place you have planned. Car pooling also has big responsibilities because the driver has to be on time to take the friend or buddy to work and also has to be on time to pick that person up. Second, another thing that car pooling is good for is that it keeps the environment and air much cleaner. One example of this would be is rather than two car engines working at once and putting a lot of nasty pollution in the air you could take one car and keep the air half cleaner. If car pooling goes in effect and many people decide to do this then there will be less cars on the road which will leave much less traffic jams. Also, this will make it easier for the road construction workers if there is less cars on the road because then they could work more and get there job done earlier. Finally, car polling is good because it leaves much more parking places in many crowded areas. One example of this would be is that when students go to school in the morning it is usually hard to find a parking place because they are all taken by other students cars but if a couple of friends used on car then this will leave much more parking place for others. Statistics show carpooling is very safe. However, you must keep your personal safety in mind. If you are considering carpooling with people you do not know, you should meet with them in person before hand. This meeting will serve two purposes. First, you’ll have a chance to discuss your ideas on setting up a carpool without obligating yourself to do it. Then, you’ll be able to assess your comfort level with the people. Ask questions and trust your instincts. If you are not comfortable with that person then just tell them you have decided not to carpool anymore. If you known the person your carpooling with than that is much easier for you to be comfortable with them but also carpool with people you trust because your putting your life in there hands by being the passenger and letting the driver control the vehicle because anything can happen on the road and one example of this would be an accident. I think in my opinion that carpooling is good because it saves you big bucks on gas, helps you keep your wear and tear on your vehicle less, and it also helps the environment out by putting less pollution in the air. I always carpool with my friends because of these reasons, but remember pick right carpooling partners or partner that you trust and are comfortable with before you start to carpool with them.

Marketing Strategy of Innocent Drinks Essay

1: Introduction Every organization needs to have a marketing strategy so that they know who are their competitors, which market they need to target, do they have resources to compete in that market and what strategies they need to adopt to gain competitive position in the industry. The most important thing is with the help of marketing, company is able to make people aware of its product. This report focuses on how the company innocent drinks developed their marketing strategy in terms of brand positioning and marketing mix and with the help of SWOT analysis, what further actions they can take to maintain their market share. 2: Innocent Drinks 2.1: Profile After starting the business in 1998 in a friendly way, innocent drinks have become a very established brand now. Innocent has become ten years old this year. It is now the largest smoothie brand in UK and the fourth largest overall. The company has achieved a sale of over 100m pounds within a span of ten years and it has now around 250 employees. The company has won many awards from the year they have started. Its main competitors are Tropicana and own label brands which are still quite behind in terms of market share. 2.2: Company products Innocent drinks has a long range of products which they claim to be made up of pure and fresh fruit and which are free from any kind of preservatives. Their products include smoothies, yogurt drinks, thickies, kids smoothies (taking account of those fruits which children like the most), pure fruit squeezes. Their products are available in different sizes and shapes. The  company developed their logo required for a brand in an unconventional manner and now it is famous as dude. 3: Marketing strategy and analysis 3.1: Marketing objectives The company has highlighted the importance of their smoothie by injecting in peoples mind that drinking smoothie is part of their healthy lifestyle. The company’s objectives are that their product should be delicious, healthy and sustainable and their vision is to make world healthy by providing their products. 3.2: Analysis People are becoming more health conscious and that is what the Innocent highlighted among its consumers to increase its customer base and loyalty. â€Å"95% of our marketing strategy is what goes in the bottle,† as said by Reed. The company is not using latest marketing strategies, they are upbeat with the fact that their customers are happy. The company has restricted its marketing and branding to its packaging. The company didn’t involve in heavy advertisements in the beginning, instead they use their product as a mean to communicate with their consumers. The owners were in favor of print to advertise their product so they had it on the bus sides which will move everywhere in the UK. Innocent has a mixture of both market orientation and product orientation. Developing a user friendly website, publishing a book, inviting people to visit the company’s headquarter, banana telephone where customers can give suggestions and view are clear signs of market oriented co mpany. Secondly, they are quality conscious. They consider their product a fruit and not made of fruits and that is what they want to see in the eyes of their customer. The prices of their product are high but they justify it on the basis of quality by saying that preservatives and concentration reduces the cost and they want the best thing for their consumers. But the company’s over confidence regarding its product being the best and healthy one may divert its attention from customer needs and demands. Because the competitors may come with same nutritional values but better taste, it can then be a threat to a company. The company has a marketing team which is  involved in analysing competition and come up with new ideas regarding the products and strategies. And there is a communication team also which make an effective communication link with its consumers by website, news and feedback. 3.2.1: Brand strategy and positioning Branding creates value for the product and it influences everyone directly or indirectly. Innocent made their brand stand out from the crowd by adopting innovative ways of marketing and that was their beginning in differentiating their product from their competitors Brand name is very critical and it should be consistent with what the company is trying to deliver and how it wants to be perceived by customers. By establishing brand name as â€Å"innocent†, the company is trying to convey the message of being pure. Branding has been effectively used as a strategic tool for marketing by innocent smoothies and that helps the company to maintain its share in the market or in keeping its competitive position. Innocent has developed its brand image by providing excellent satisfaction, by being genuine, healthy and socially responsible in the eyes of their consumers and once the image is developed, they were able to attract the customers. It is because of brand and its perceived value that consumers are loyal and committed to the Innocent products and they do not look for any substitutes (Ginden, 1993). Customers also perceive it less risky in buying a brand product with which they are emotionally attached. It is more important for products like innocent drinks which the customers have to consume and which has direct impact on their health and body. For keeping a brand alive, it is very important to go for heavy promotions and advertisements and innocent drinks have used their resources very affectively in promotion (O’Malley, 1991). Innocent drinks have also taken a move to stay in touch with its consumers by making a family section. It is a method of communication and reminding the consumers about the products and also to get feedback from customers. The company is using family branding policy as all of its products use the company name. This reduces the cost of having different brand policies for different products. The key to positioning is to make it important in the eyes of consumer that you are incomplete without the product and on the  basis of this, innocent smoothies has kept their customers intact with them. Innocent smoothie is considered a premium brand by its consumers as they relate high cost and high quality with the product as compared to its competitors. The following figure is as perception of customers about Innocent drinks. 3.2.2: Marketing mix To make the product successful, company needs not only the products but a mixture of elements which is called marketing mix. The marketing mix is usually designed with the help of marketing research and it is also based on judgment. Every element of marketing mix compliment each other so efficient integration is required to make it successful. Innocent company has used the marketing mix quite efficiently and effectively. Product: Innocent produces fresh and healthy drinks for its customers. The company has a lot of product range including juices, smoothies, thickies, veg. pots and some of their drinks target specific customers as drinks for the kids. The drinks are available in different sizes and in different packings. Their main focus is to keep things natural and they are also very much conscious about the fruits and the farms from where it comes. Innocent smoothies distinguish themselves from other brands on the basis of purity and being 100% natural without preservatives, concentrates and colorings. The company has also described the negative consequences of concentration and that a product loses its quality, taste and nutritional value and it is done just to reduce cost and making more money. The company makes its drinks with little carbon impact. Same is the case with the recycling. Most of their packing is 100% recyclable and they are making efforts to use minimum material and that too with little carbon footprint. Some people are also fascinated from the product just because of the labeling and packaging. Labeling helps in promoting a brand and provides useful information about the product. So innocent drinks made their labeling very different and the kind of which can amuse and make people to give a second look at it. Innocent drinks is enjoying product width from smoothies to veg. pots as well as product length in terms of different flavors which are available to  consumers and that has really helped the company to maintain its market share and a protection against the current uncertainty occurred in the economic environment. Price: There are number of factors that can have an impact on the price. The company is charging high prices as compared to its competitors and still has the largest market share. It has been possible only because of the brand name and positioning. Since the company justifies its high cost with the high quality they are providing to its consumers, so their prices are also at premium level. People paying a premium price because now they have an emotional attachment developed with the brand But since the economic crunch has affected everyone so people are becoming more price sensitive and that is the reason that innocent drinks has lost some market share this year. The company emphasized that it is less expensive to purchase innocent smoothie than to buy fruit and make it at your own. Promotion: Innocent is carrying out various activities to create awareness about the product among the new or potential consumers and to remind and convince the current purchasers to go for the product. The company uses different methods of promotion from advertisement to personnel selling. They have done advertising and sales promotion very effectively. Innocent has used different approach for its marketing by targeting consumers of different products with different advertisements and campaigns. Website is always an effective method to communicate, promote and making relationship with the consumers. Banana phone is used to get feedback from the customers. Customers are allowed to visit their offices. This strategy is used to develop strong relationship with them. Innocent has also taken support from television commercials and they are using it since 2005. Moreover, to make people aware about their products, the company once made a very big compaign on the television and it regularly arranges festivals as well. Innocent used all the leading newspapers for their advertisement. Online advertising such as on facebook has also been used by innocent as a strategy for promotion. Innocent has also developed public relations. The company has been engaged in certain social projects such as giving money to charity, providing drink for homeless etc which are important for long term sustainability of business and to have a good image in the eyes of your consumers. Place: In the beginning, Innocent used the local shop for its products but as the popularity of products multiplied, the company gradually gained a great market share. The company has found a unique method of selling and distributing their products using cow vans. Innocent drinks use intensive distribution strategy by placing their product in as many places and outlet as possible. The company strategy has been shifted from push to pull as being the largest seller in UK and successful brand name, consumers demand the product. It is now available in more than 7000 retail outlets including the big names as Sainsbury, Tesco, Asda and coffee shops like Starbucks. Export has already been started by the company in Europe and Ireland. Children also got greater access to smoothies after the company made a contract with the company offering catering services to school. After the investment by the coke in the company, innocent will now have more distribution channels and will have access to new places as well. 3.2.3: SWOT analysis SWOT analysis has been carried out to evaluate where the innocent smoothies is standing with respect to the market position. It also helps innocent to analyze how strength can be used to exploit opportunities and how weaknesses can be overcome to avoid possible threats. Strengths * brand name / value already developed * company image * customer loyalty * market leader * distribution channels * investment by coca cola * wide product range and substitutes for breakfast / fruits| Weaknesses * high prices as compared to competitors * lower take up among old people * not popular in evening times * can be made at home and even in cafes and shops| Opportunities * new products for evening which enhances night sleep * emerging markets showing increase every year in market growth * global expansion| Threats * competitors (Tropicana) and products by supermarkets as Tesco * new entrants because of market potential * price sensitive people * credit  crunch can affect demand | Why are concentrates so rubbish? We believe that food companies should do everything they can to get food to people in its natural state. A concentrated orange juice is OJ that has been boiled, then evaporated in a vacuum and then homogenised, resulting in a thick tar. This is then frozen and shipped to countries where it is defrosted, reconstituted with water and has ‘add backs’ added (to enhance flavour and aroma). The concentration process not only affects the nutritional value of the juice but also the taste. All the good stuff gets boiled away and you’re left with a sugary syrup which then has to have lots of horrid stuff added back afterwards to make it taste like fruit again. Basically, concentrated juice tastes cooked, has virtually no nutritional value and that’s why we won’t ever use concentrates. It has to be pure fruit for us. How should I look after and store your drinks? Please please please keep our drinks cold. We can’t stress that enough. Because we don’t use any preservatives or other artificial stuff that might make them last a bit longer, they need to be well cared for. They should be stored between 0-5 ° C, which, luckily enough, is the temperature of your average fridge. So stick them in the chiller as soon as you get home from the shops, or if you’re saving a bit for later, don’t leave it on your desk – pop it back in the fridge for a while. Once opened, we reckon our drinks are best drunk on the same day, although as previously mentioned you should refrigerate them between sips. If you leave them out of the fridge, they will eventually start to ferment. This is a completely safe, natural process but it means the smoothie goes fizzy. It normally causes tiny bubbles in the drink. Click here to find out more about fermentation. If you suspect a drink to be fermented, please dispose of the contents of the bo ttle and contact us at hello@innocentdrinks.co.uk or call the banana phone on 020 8600 3939 with details about the bottle or carton and its enjoy by date. So, please do keep our smoothies nice and cold. ^ back to top How long do they last? Our drinks are made from 100% pure fruit and nothing else. Because we don’t use preservatives, stabilisers or additives they generally last about as long as a pint of milk. Please always keep them chilled and drink them on the same day you open them. Can I freeze your smoothies? Our smoothies are made of nothing but whole crushed fruit and pure juices, so it’s completely safe to freeze them. However, we don’t really recommend it because they taste much better fresh. To be more specific, bananas don’t freeze well; when they defrost they go brown and a bit slimy. Check out this picture of a fresh banana and one that’s defrosted. We know which we would rather drink. If you do decide to freeze one of our smoothies, please make sure you defrost it in the fridge so it stays chilled at all times and note that this might take as long as 3 days. You should also drink it on the day of defrosting. What is love? Baby don’t hurt me, don’t hurt me, no more. Do you have any drinks that don’t contain banana? Our kiwis, apples & limes smoothie (also available in 1 litre cartons) and yoghurt, vanilla bean & honey thickie are both completely banana free. Are your products organic? No they’re not organic. We want to minimise pesticide and other agrochemical usage on our fruit, and this is one of the requirements of both the Rainforest Alliance and also the innocent minimum standards for our fruit growers. Both sets of standards also ban the use of any of the ‘dirty dozen’ pesticides as listed by the Pesticide Action Network. To ensure the safety of our drinks we conduct independent tests on our ingredients, at an  accredited laboratory, throughout the harvest calender. Of the test results with anything being detected at all, these detections fall well within the Maximum Residue Limit (MRL) that you are allowed. Each year our policy will be reviewed and testing procedures will be updated. And what about all of those plastic bottles? Since January 2008, all our smoothie recipes are in 100% recycled PET* plastic. We’ve been working on this project for quite a while. In 2003 we started using bottles made from 25% recycled plastic and in 2006 improved it to 50% recycled. All the time, people told us that it would be impossible to get to 100%, but we tried and tried and tried again. And now we’re here. 100%. It means a 20% reduction in materials (we’ve made the bottle lighter) and a 55% carbon reduction in terms of the bottle’s manufacture. It’s a big step for a little company. We’re very proud. *PET stands for ‘polyethylene terephthalate’. Clear plastic, in other words, said our Stu, who knows about these things. So can I recycle your plastic bottles and tetra pak cartons? We’ve got a whole section on our website dedicated to this. You can check it out here. ^ back to top Are your products suitable for vegans? Smoothies – We’re afraid as we can’t guarantee that our drinks are shellac free, due to the small chance that tiny amounts of shellac do make it into our drinks, we can’t class our drinks as being suitable for vegans. Thickies – no (they contain dairy produce and honey). Are your products suitable for pregnant women? Yes. Although we’ve heard that some of them prefer coal. Can infants and children drink your products? Infants under 12 months shouldn’t drink our vanilla and honey bean thickies. The Food Standards Agency says that honey should not be given to infants under 12 months old because of the small risk of botulism. Infantile  botulism occurs when honey contains Clostridium Botulinum spores, which infect the infant gut that then produces the toxin. This is not a problem for anyone aged more than 12 months. Regarding children in general, our smoothies, thickies and juices are OK – they contain nothing but crushed and juiced fruit (and low-fat bio yoghurt in the thickies), so the health properties should be welcome for kids who quite like sweets and crisps too. But it should be noted that our smoothies and juices contain a large amount of naturally occurring fruit sugars. For this reason you can add water to dilute them if you like. The FSA also recommends that for children, you should try to keep fruit juice to mealtimes. In general, look on the ingredients panel and check the amount of fruit in each bottle. If it seems like a reasonable amount of fruit, then it will be OK. If you don’t usually give your child this much fruit, then adjust the amount accordingly. We make a range of drinks specifically for children which you can find out about here. They’ve got less bits in them, as children seem to prefer their smoothies that way. Do you think I should dye my hair? No. I’ve always thought that blonde suited you. Why do you always use apples, oranges and bananas in your smoothies? These three fruits are a bit like the salt and pepper of the fruit world, except there are three of them. We use them for natural sweetness (apples), natural sharpness (oranges) and natural thickness (bananas). It beats using artificial stuff. So why don’t you call your mangoes and passion fruits smoothie â€Å"apples, mangoes and passion fruits†? We name our smoothies according to whichever flavours you can taste the most. So we feel if we were to start calling the smoothies â€Å"apples, mangoes and passion fruits,† it would be a bit misleading, as what you really taste when you take a mouthful are the mangoes and passion fruits. All of the ingredients are printed in full on the label, so it’s not like we’re trying to be sneaky or anything. Do your products contain nuts? Our veg pots may contain traces of nuts but our smoothies and juices contain no nuts whatsoever (which keeps the squirrels happy). Are your drinks GM-free? Yes they are. How do you make sure your fruit is from ethical sources? Our ultimate aim is that we are proud of every piece of fruit that we use. We want to buy our fruit from farms that look after both their workers and the environment. To achieve this we have created our own set of minimum standards, that detail our expectations for all the relevant social and environmental issues. We are in the process of rolling out these standards with our suppliers, and will work together with them to implement the agreed action plans. We feel that it is really important to understand the issues relevant to each country, and the pressures faced by our farmers, so we are meeting with more and more of our growers. As our fruit comes from all over the world this is a huge task, but one to which we are passionately committed. We know that there is no point recreating the wheel – so we also work with established international accreditation organizations such as the Rainforest Alliance. We first met them at a banana plantation in Costa Rica, and were so impressed with the work they do, that we now only buy banana from Rainforest Alliance approved plantations. The Rainforest Alliance works to conserve biodiversity and ensure sustainable livelihoods by transforming land-use practices, business practices and consumer behaviour. It not only looks at farm workers rights and wellbeing, but also protects ecosystems on the farms, which encourages bio diversity. We believe this sustainable approach is the best one. A well run farm with motivated workers means better quality fruit and better productivity, which means we get nicer fruit and the farms are more profitable. Are you going to move all your fruit to Rainforest Alliance approved sources? No, it just isn’t applicable for certain countries and certain fruits, like those that we source from the UK. But as the Rainforest Alliance expands into new certification territory, like pineapple, we’ll be keen to keep on building our relationship with them. As they develop new standards for new  fruits, we will assess their suitability for our growers. Whilst we don’t like to boast, it turns out they quite appreciate the work we do and they showed their gratitude last year with this rather fetching trophy. Outside of the world of fruit they certify all sort of things including coffee, cocoa and forestry. Find out more here: www.rainforest-alliance.org ^ back to top Why don’t you buy fairtrade fruit? We take the ethics of our supply chain incredibly seriously and took great care to find the best independent certification scheme that matched our values, and suited our needs the best. Fairtrade’s primary focus is on the prices paid to the farmers and social issues for small farms and cooperatives. It’s a great scheme but we felt that Rainforest Alliance looked at a broader spectrum of issues (both social and environmental), which we thought was a better fit with our own ethos. Also, the Fair Trade scheme predominantly certifies cooperative and and family run small holdings – not all of our fruit is available from these types of farms, so Fairtrade isn’t always applicable to our growers. Articles like this one from The Observer Food Monthly debate the key differences between Rainforest Alliance and Fairtrade (this one’s about coffee). What is the innocent foundation? The innocent foundation is a grant giving charity that was set up in July 2004 with the idea of bringing nature and communities closer together for mutual benefit. innocent donate 10% of our profits each year to charity, primarily to the innocent foundation, which funds rural development projects in the countries where our fruit comes from. Find out more here. Do your drinks actually contain shiny trumpets/pebbles/cricket pavilions/small churches? No. Can I have some free drinks for my event please? We get lots and lots of requests for our drinks and as much as we’d love to help everyone out, it would just be impossible. Instead, we give any excess drinks we have to the homeless through the charity, Fareshare. You can find out a bit more about the good work they do here. Okay. But it’s for charity. Does that make any difference? Generally, we feel it’s better to be able to offer a significant amount of support to one cause rather than a little backing to lots of different ones. With that in mind, every year we donate 10% of our annual profits to the innocent foundation. Its remit is to fund Non-Governmental Organisations (NGOs) that work to bring nature and communities closer together. You can see a bit more about the projects we support at www.innocentfoundation.org. Hope that all makes sense. I’m running a marathon/ climbing Everest/ shaving off all my chin hair for charity. Can you sponsor me please? Again, whilst we applaud anyone who gives up their time to sit in a bath of baked beans or run further than the corner shop to raise money for charity but if we sponsored everyone who wrote to us, we’d be living off beans and no toast. Instead, we make sure that we give something back to the countries where we buy our fruit, via the innocent foundation. Can I borrow your car? The clutch has gone funny, the fan belt’s shot and there are no windows. Plus I’ve forgotten where I’ve parked it. Lend us a fiver. No. 4: Conclusions and Recommendations 4.1: Conclusion Innocent’s success has been made possible just because of effective and innovative way of marketing which they adopted. Innocent used every kind of channel, big or small in carrying out its promotion. They used every kind of that marketing strategy in which low cost was involved but its impact was high. The company updates the website and labels regularly. Innocent changed the label quite frequently to maintain the attention of its consumers Innocent made the customers loyal by doing little things but they made huge difference for them. Innocent was of the view that making their drinks easily accessible to customers is very crucial and success of the company depends on it. The innocent also arranged a free event for its customers as a means of giving thanks to its customers for using their products. Innocent always remained active in interacting with its customers. The owners of the company didn’t have much idea about how things should be done and no strategic plan was involved in making the brand name, its packaging and process of launching it but surprisingly their idea was welcomed by the consumers as it was different and something they can amuse or laugh at. Innocent dominance has been affected in 2008 after the introduction of Tropicana in the market. In April 2009, investment by Coca-Cola is seen as a wise step because as a result of decrease in sales, it was necessary to maintain the brand value. Since the company is facing severe competition from rivals such as Tropicana so funding was required to be in the competition. Coke will increase the distribution channels and give access to more markets by making customer aware of the product. Innocent’s premium positioning is a key advantage and it also has developed a strong connection with its consumers over the passage of time. Brand loyalty is good but they have to look at their prices if they want to sustain their position as people are becoming more price conscious. It is more difficult to retain the customers than to attract new customers 4.2: Recommendations Innocent drinks should closely monitor the environment and conduct market research to identify issues as consumer behaviour, competitors’ strategies which can have an impact on their brand or positioning (O’Malley, 1991). This will help the company to be proactive in their approach rather than reactive. As the market is becoming more global, there will always arise new opportunities but also threats as consumers also have access to variety of products from different countries with different tastes and nutritional values so innocent drinks must consider what their consumers want, their preferences if they want to survive and be successful in the long term. SWOT analysis has identified the threats and weaknesses which innocent should  consider and the opportunities which they should exploit by using their strengths. There are some strategies which can be adopted by innocent smoothies as market leaders. They should try to expand the market either by market penetration or by exploring new potential markets. Innocent can also try to protect their current market share which has fallen because of Tropicana by introducing new products into its line. More aggressively, they should try to increase their market share by reducing their prices which are quite high currently and by further increasing promotion. Innocent should also make good use of collaboration with the Coke as it can provide the company with lot of distribution channels. Innocent must focus on strategies which help them to attract new consumers and in retaining the existing customers. Different promotional strategies can be adopted. The company can offer discounts, free samples for new customers to try, free gifts, coupons for customer loyalty, tickets for different events etc. innocent should also ensure that its product is available in as many places as possible. They can increase the availability of products on train/bus stations, petrol pumps and a lot more health clubs. Customer satisfaction is very important because that will encourage them to buy the products of the company again and they will also become a source of advertisement by referring the companys’ product to others as well (Gilson, 1986). It is the least expensive method of advertisement and promotion. Innocent can adopt some defensive strategies against Tropicana as well. Innocent can reduce the prices in the market in which the rivals have greatest share. Secondly, it is good to have information about competitors’ move in advance so that appropriate actions can be taken. Diversification can also be done if the markets are becoming more vulnerable. The research has also shown that smoothies are not consumed in later part of the day so the company can make some drinks which are light, easy on stomach and which help the consumers in getting better sleep at night. Innocent should make use of its brand name by launching new products like ice cream. Sometimes, new products help in compensating the loss of failed products but the company must remain conscious in launching a new product because it is difficult to develop, have to carry out rigorous market research and there are also long lead time involved and if it fails, it will bring bad image to the brand and will affect the brand equity so the company must use all the processes of product development from idea generation to commercialization in order to mitigate the risks associated with new products. References Baines P., Fill C., Page K.,(2008). â€Å"Marketing†. New York: Oxford University Press, Pg 374-382 Ginden, R. (1993), â€Å"The name game†, Cheers, pp.59-62. Innocent drinks. http://www.innocentdrinks.co.uk (accessed 02/12/2009) Mintel. http://academic.mintel.com/sinatra/oxygen academic/my reports/display (accessed 03/12/2009) O’Malley, D. (1991), â€Å"Brand means business†, Accountancy, 107, pp.107-8.

The real exchange rate and the nominal exchange rate

The real exchange rate and the nominal exchange rate Introduction The essay is an in-depth examination of two major economic terms; real exchange rate and nominal exchange rate. It is no doubt that these terms are more often than not used in economy. Unfortunately, it does not only confuse non economist but also some of the economics students (OSullivan Sheffrin 24).Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on The real exchange rate and the nominal exchange rate specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The paper thus seeks to clearly distinguish the two terms and succinctly explain the reasons behind real exchange rate being used rather than nominal exchange rates. It is worth mentioning here that exchange rate is of great significance in economics since it expresses a country’s currency quotation as compared to foreign currencies (Munro 41). It helps in specifying how much a currency of one country is worth compared to another. For that matter it is used in converting cu rrencies. There are different types of exchange rate; sport, forward, bilateral, pegged real and nominal the last two are the center of discussion. Differences between real exchange rate and nominal exchange rate Nominal exchange rate has been economically defined as the actual foreign exchange quotation which is the opposite of real exchange rate that has been adequately adjusted to cater for changes in the purchasing power of a country currency. Mathematically, nominal exchange rate is considered in terms of prices of domestic currency of a unit of currencies from other foreign countries. It is worth noting that the determinants of nominal exchange rate are; changes in real side of economy, variability in monetary as well as financial attributes usually influenced by what has been termed as cross link market and finally past as well as current values of same financial markets with it independent variability (Smith par. 3). Additionally, nominal exchange rates are brought to play i n financial markets. In that case they are more less the same as stock exchange market. It is worth noting that the establishment of the rate is done on a continuous quotation. Print media especially newspaper on daily basis report such quotations. There are also cases where the central bank might engage in fixing such type of rate (Sanderson 31).Advertising Looking for research paper on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More On the other hand, real exchange rate has been thought of as a corrected nominal rate probably by considering issues relating to inflation. Strictly speaking, real exchange rate is different from nominal exchange rate as the former factors in issues of goods that are either tradable or non-tradable. With this in mind, when prices go up and other things remain constant, and then real exchange rate appreciates (OSullivan Sheffrin 345). Additionally, real exchange rate tells us more about the differences in prices by weighting trade volumes. Similarly, it shows what a country really gets for one unit of her domestic currency. Reasons why real exchange rate is utilize According to Gillmore par. 5 the major reason for utilizing real exchange rate over nominal exchange rate solemnly lies on the concept that the former is a corrected version of the later. This means that the varying level of inflation rates in various countries as compared to that of a given country is adequately factored in (Sanderson 19). For that reason, this provides the relevant stakeholders with a more specific and informative value of their currency. This is very important considering doing business internationally (Engel 45). Conclusion From the review of the two economic terms, nominal and real exchange rate, there are indeed some distinguishing characteristics such as real exchange rate factors in issue relating to inflation rates while nominal does not. Similarly real exchange rate is ut ilize rather than nominal exchange rate since it provide individuals and government with informative information concerning the country’s currency strength as it considers inflation rates from different countries. Engel, Charles. Exchange rates and prices, 1998. Web.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on The real exchange rate and the nominal exchange rate specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Gillmore, David. The costs of inflation, 2008. Web. Munro, Anella. What drives the New Zealand dollar? 2004. Web. OSullivan, Arthur Sheffrin, Steven. (2003). Economics: Principles in action. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458: Pearson Prentice Hall, 2003. Print. pp. 458. Sanderson, Raymond. Exchange rates and export performance: evidence from the micro data 2009. Web. Smith, Mark. Impact of the exchange rate on export volumes, 2004. Web.

Richard III essays

Richard III essays Much debate and controversy surround the rise and fall of Richard the Third. It is hard to ignore such subjects due to the bonds and hidden reasons that many of the authors of the middle ages had towards Richard. In keeping an objective approach towards Richard III, the study of his rise and fall will be taken in the perspective of his royal acts and administration of England. Public sentiment over such things as the scandal surrounding the princes did have an effect over the rule of Richard, but there are many other underlying aspects that could have extended Richards rule, and changed the way history looks back on him. Many historian look upon Richard as a villain. Others attribute this view as tainted due to the perverse nature of England following his reign, and the need for support of Henry Tudor's ascension to the throne. One aspect that almost all of the historian agree with is that Richard did have some moments where his actions were for the better of England. Looking at such actions can shed light on the true characteristics of his rule, and that he quite may have been a beneficial part of English history. Richard, Duke of Gloucester, was the brother of King Edward IV of the House of York. The House of York had been in control of the throne of England for some time now, but with the entry of the Woodvilles, was in somewhat of a decline. Elizabeth Woodville, now queen to Edward, was thought of surrounded by sorcery, influencing Edward to the bidding of the Woodvilles and their rise to power. Edward's eldest son was in the primary care of the Woodvilles at the time of Edward's death, and had become very attached to influential lords in the family. These included his uncles, Rivers and Grey. They were rising lords who sought to control the young heir and supplant the House of York of their control of the throne. Thus enters Richard. Richard was named protector of the prince and the country in Edwards will ...

Making Inferences to Improve Reading Comprehension

Making Inferences to Improve Reading Comprehension Students with dyslexia have difficulty drawing inferences from written text. A study completed by F.R. Simmons and C.H. Singleton in 2000 compared the reading performance of students with and without dyslexia. According to the study, students with dyslexia scored similarly when asked literal questions to those without dyslexia; however, when asked questions that relied on inferences, the students with dyslexia scored much lower than those without dyslexia. Inference: Key to Comprehension Inference is drawing conclusions based on information that has been implied rather than directly stated and is an essential skill in reading comprehension. People make inferences every day, both in oral and written communication. Many times this is so automatic most readers or listeners dont even realize the information wasnt included in the conversation or text. For example, read the following sentences: My wife and I tried to pack light but we made sure not to forget our bathing suits and sunblock. I wasnt sure if I would get seasick again so I made sure to pack some medicine for upset stomachs. You can deduct a great deal of information from these sentences: The author is married.He and his wife are going on a trip.They are going to be on a boat.They will be around water.They will be going swimming.They have gone swimming before.The author has gotten seasick on a boat in the past. This information was not clearly stated in the sentences, but you can use what was written to deduce or infer much more than what was said. Most of the information students get from reading comes from what is implied rather than direct statements, as you can see from the amount of information available by reading between the lines. It is through inferences that words take on meaning. For students with dyslexia, the meaning behind the words is often lost. Teaching Inferences Making inferences requires students to combine what they are reading with what they already know, to reach into their own personal knowledge and apply it to what they are reading. In the previous example, a student needs to know that having a bathing suit means someone is going swimming and that getting seasick means someone is going on a boat. This previous knowledge helps readers make inferences and understand what they are reading. Although this is a natural process and students with dyslexia may be able to apply these concepts to an oral conversation, they have more difficulty doing so with printed material. Teachers must work with such students to help them understand the process of making inferences, to be aware of inferences made in oral conversations, and then to apply this understanding to written works. Suggested Activities The following are ideas and activities teachers can use to reinforce inferring information from text: Show and infer. Rather than show and tell, have students bring in a few items that tell about themselves. The items should be in a paper bag or trash bag, something the other children cant see through. The teacher takes one bag at a time, bringing out the items, and the class uses them as clues to figure out who brought in the items. This teaches children to use what they know about their classmates to make educated guesses. Fill in the blanks. Use a short excerpt or passage appropriate for the grade level and take out words, inserting blanks in their place. Students must use clues in the passage to determine an appropriate word to fill the blank space. Use pictures from magazines. Have students bring in a picture from a magazine showing different facial expressions. Discuss each picture, talking about how the person might be feeling. Have students give supporting reasons for their opinion, such as, I think he is angry because his face is tense. Shared reading. Have students read in pairs; one student reads a short paragraph and must summarize the paragraph to her partner. The partner asks questions that have not been specifically answered in the summary to have the reader make inferences about the passage. Graphic thought organizers. Use worksheets to help students organize their thoughts to help come up with inferences. Worksheets can be creative, such as a picture of a ladder going up a tree to a treehouse. Students write their inference in the treehouse, and the clues to back up the inference on each rung of the ladder. Worksheets can also be as simple as folding a paper in half and writing the inference on one side of the paper and the supporting statements on the other. Sources Making Inferences and Drawing Conclusions. 6 Nov. 2003. Cuesta College.On Target: Strategies to Help Readers Make Meaning through Inferences. South Dakota Department of Education.The Reading Comprehension Abilities Of Dyslexic Students in Higher Education. Fiona Simmons-Chris Singleton - Dyslexia - 2000.

Gas turbine engine basics Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Gas turbine engine basics - Coursework Example (Sherwin, Keith & Michael, Horsley, 1996). Fuel is mixed with air and ignited this is where energy is added to the gas stream in the combustor. The temperature increases combustion of the fuel in the high pressure environment of the combustor, the products of the combustion are forced into the turbine section. Directed through a nozzle over the turbine’s blades is the high volume and velocity of the gas flow this spins the turbine which powers the compressor and, in some other turbines, this drives their mechanical output. The reduction in the pressure and temperature of the exhaust gas comes from the energy given up to the turbine moreover, energy can also be extracted in the form of shaft power, compressed air temperature can be used to power ships, trains, aircraft, tanks, and generators. (Husain, 2010) Task 1 There are 5 basic models of a turbo fan high bypass engine. This involves the first stage compressor that is drastically enlarged for the provision of bypass airflow around that core of the engine. This also allows for a significant amount of thrust. Turbo Jet Engine Air Inlet Combustion Chambers Turbine Propelling Nozzle Compressor Diagram of turbojet engine As depicted in the diagram above, a Turbojet engine comprises of the intake, compression, combustion, turbine and exhaust sections. The compression chamber directs the incoming air into the combustion chamber at relatively a high velocity. The combustion chamber is equipped with igniters and nozzles that enable combustion. During this process of combustion, the expanding gas is then utilized in rotating the gas turbine and keeps the engine operational as the compressor is driven through the shaft (Turbine Engines). nc = T2 – T1 T2a – T1 and n4 = T3 – T4a T3 – T4 Applying the steady flow energy equation, v20 - v21 = 2(h1 – h0) Change in kinetic energy and change in enthalpy: v20 = 2cp(T1 – T0) Work output from the turbine balances the work input into the compressor, hence equating change in enthalpy results in: cp(T2a – T1) = cp(T3 – T4a) T2a – T1 = T3 – T4a [cp is constant] Airflow through the nozzle: v25 = 2cp(h4a – h5) Since velocity is constant, v4 = v1 ? 0 Exit velocity at the nozzle: v25 = 2cp(T4a – T5) Therefore, Thrust, F = mvc - mv Thrust = m(vc – v) The net exhaust speed of turbofans is much lower than that of a turbojet and as a result, this makes them much more efficient at subsonic speeds than turbojets, also they are more efficient at supersonic speeds up to Mach 1.6. Turbofans are the jet engines that are used in all currently manufactured commercial jet aircraft. During the intake phase in the turbofan engine, the pressure, temperature and volume of the gases remain constant. The fan is installed at the inlet of the engine to increase the amount of air flowing through the engine at any given time. Part of the inlet airflow is not directed toward the compressor, co mbustor, and turbine during this process, but is rather bypassed through a duct, which ends in a nozzle. This provides thrust through exchange of momentum with the airframe, because the gas leaves the nozzle at a speed that is higher than the intake velocity. Their high efficiency and relative quietness in operation is the main reason their high efficiency and relative quietness in operation is the main they use them commercially, many military jet aircraft also make use of turbofans.

Information essay ---education related( preferred differences between

Information ---education related( preferred differences between chinese and western education - Essay Example In the modern times when a nation needs to concentrate on the Knowledge economy’, the role of education becomes more important to be addressed in the development of human capital. This is on the grounds that when a nation has a general public of educated citizens, it increases its chances of development at all the social and economic levels. Besides, the every capital pay of a nation altogether relies on the condition of economy which is straightforwardly relative to the education rate in a nation (Leung 42). Educated individuals have different chances and have the capacity to propel in different fields for openings for work, they are versatile and can work in anyplace inside the nation to earn a living and thus enhance their expectations for everyday comforts. Educated individuals have the capacity to enhance openings for work and adequately use the rare assets henceforth lessen neediness levels. For the vast benefits of education across the world, many nations have adopted different kinds of education systems. That is why there is a big difference between Chinese and Western systems of education; many scholars have been quoted to say that â€Å"Westerners are more assertive and creative, while Easterners are more conservative and reserved.† The underlying question is†¦what makes the difference? The difference comes as a result of dissimilar education systems; their approaches to teaching and learning are quite different .In China education is seen as the best approach to land the best position that has the most impact. Therefore, from the time kids can be placed in school, they are overwhelmed with homework, retention and the steady pressure to exceed expectations. Regarding education, conservative Chinese society weights students to study mindfully for required tests expected to move onto the following level of

Alcatraz Island Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Alcatraz Island - Research Paper Example It was designed to be impossible to escape from, and was usually the last stop along a prison line for inmates considered â€Å"incorrigible† (Stollznow). Over the years of operation, from 1934 to 1963, thirty-six men tried fourteen different times to escape its walls (Ocean View Publishing Group). One of those was Frank Lee Morris, inmate AZ#1441 (Ocean View Publishing Group). When it was finally carried out, the escape attempt made by Frank Lee Morris, which spanned months of planning and included three other inmates, was the best escape even in its attempt by an Alcatraz inmate overall, mainly due to the meticulous nature of the planning behind it, as well as the fact that his body and 99% of the items used in the escape, even to this day, have never been found. The Escape Together with three other inmates, Morris finally succeeded in putting together a method that would enable him and the others to escape Alcatraz. One night, while trimming his nails, he noticed that the c lippers had a little â€Å"arm† with a pointed edge, and by digging it into the concrete of his cell wall, he discovered that he could gouge holes in it (Katz 210). The back of his cell had a vent that was six inches by ten inches, and Morris felt that if he could somehow enlarge this, he could slide through it into the unused utility corridor behind his cell (Katz 210). From that day on, digging commenced. Morris, brothers John and Clarence Anglin, and inmate Allen West would take turns digging around the vents in their cells (Ocean View Publishing Group). Morris and West were in adjoining cells, with the Anglin brothers in the next two adjoining cells (Ocean View Publishing Group). They worked in pairs, with one man chiseling and another keeping lookout (Ocean View Publishing Group). Morris fashioned crude tools from saw blades, as well as attempting to use a homemade drill (Ocean View Publishing Group). He also stole spoons from the cafeteria, leading them to be called the â€Å"Tablespoon Trio† together with the Anglin brothers after the escape (â€Å"The Tablespoon Trio† 25). They were able to dig without any guards noticing. In addition to the digging, Morris thought through every detail. He spent months building a raft out of raincoats that were issued to the inmates (Evans). In addition, he also fashioned a life preserver for each man (Evans). Perhaps, though, the most ingenious part of the plan was the â€Å"dummy heads†. Using concrete powder, mixed with soap and papier-mache, each inmate including Morris fashioned and painted a dummy head that looked remarkably lifelike (Albright 174). They were also topped off by real hair stolen from the barbershop (Albright 174). These heads fooled the guards for months while Morris was elsewhere during the night. The night of June 11, 1962, would be the last for Morris in Alcatraz. He slipped out of his cell and climbed one last time to the cell house roof (Evans). He then, after gath ering the supplies along with the Anglin brothers, made his way down 45 feet of pipe to the ground (Katz 212). The final escapee, Allen West, had made the error of cementing his false grate to the wall in places to avoid detection, and could not get it unstuck in time to join them; consequently, he was left behind (Evans). Morris inflated the raft with a â€Å"concertina† (accordion), and launched from the Northeast end of the island

History of African American and European American Families Article

History of African American and European American Families - Article Example These families were ruled by the father where they control women, men mainly called the puritan fathers were the representatives of their families in the political and social affairs of the community. Additionally they had the legal right to choose a spouse for their children. Then puritan family were self sufficient economically since they were large where all the members of the family contributed to the surfaces needed for production. United States also known as the diversity nation, the African American people who also form a large percentage of American population went through for stages in their Americas. These were, slavery that lasted from colonial times until the end of civil war most of these people mainly lived in the south, during their slavery, nuclear family was common. However, the slavery interrupted their organization since they had to freedom to do what they wanted. Slave parents also had no rights in regard to their children. Slave owner treated men and women the same way where any work could have been allocated to either, through peaceful means African Americans fought for their equity which they latter got after a hard

Explain the legal powers and duties of local authorities in relation Essay

Explain the legal powers and duties of local authorities in relation to the protection of children. Consider whether any changes - Essay Example Researcher will likewise consider if there are still necessary legal amendments that should be undertaken to ensure that there is adequate protection given to children. The British government has accorded local government such powers and functions that encompassed direct, representative and consultative functions. In Northern Ireland, the councils work on policy legislation which bestowed power for local authorities and added ceremonial function that enable councils to provide a wide range of public services in areas which covered recreation, environmental health, ecological protection, tourism, economic development, and social services. Local authorities are also exercising representative functions that allowed the council to nominate representatives as members of various statutory bodies to establish and administer regional services that cover matters on education, health and social services, drainage and fire protection.1 Their consultative functions, which mandate council to repr esent the views of their population, on regional services operated within the district. Such power includes the power to be involved in developmental planning and for conservation.2 Their authorities are defined by statutes and agreements made in the interest of their district’s constituents.3 As leaders, performing elective or appointive functions, they lead the members of the community in safeguarding and promoting the welfare and protection of children. As such, they lead and work with statutory organisations performing functions on child rights and protection through laws, such as the duties enshrined under Section 11 of the Children Act 2004, an act that provide the establishment of a commission that mandates local authorities to provide services, legal supports, and enforce all statutes for children protection and care4. The policy described such functions, to wit: An Act to make provision for the establishment of a Children’s Commissioner; to make provision abou t services provided to and for children and young people by local authorities and other persons; to make provision in relation to Wales about advisory and support services relating to family proceedings; to make provision about private fostering, child minding and day care, adoption review panels, the defence of reasonable punishment, the making of grants as respects children and families, child safety orders, the Children’s Commissioner for Wales, the publication of material relating to children involved in certain legal proceedings and the disclosure by the Inland Revenue of information relating to children5 (Chapter 31, Children Act 2004; Legislation.gov.uk, 2013). Under this policy, the general function of the Children’s Commissioner involved (a) promotion of awareness on children’s views and interests in England; (b) encourage local authorities to conduct activities that uphold children’s right to express their views and their interests; (c) conduct research and publicize the operation of complaints

What is Economics Issues Affecting The Economy As A Whole Essay

What is Economics Issues Affecting The Economy As A Whole - Essay Example The second part of economics deals with the problems rising in the global arena. Humans have unlimited wants but there are limited resources to produce it and when we say resources this is basically referred as the four factors of productions that are used in producing wants. Human race is like an ever hungry beast whose wants are unlimited but there are limited resources to produce it. This issue is referred as scarcity because these resources like oil, mineral, gases take millions of years to form and human beings consume it with a century. (McConnell, 2011) We all know that every human possess some basic needs and beyond these needs there are wants that is only demanded to gain pleasure or to derive satisfaction. Humans have no end to their wants but due to limited income we are forced to make choices as we cannot have whatever we want so we have to select the things we can afford and make sure that the thing we have selected gives us most benefit. When a choice is made one thing is given up in order to obtain what we have selected. The next best alternative that we gave up in order to obtain what we have selected is called opportunity cost. For example between a bike and an I-Phone 5 an individual chooses a bike in this case the I-Phone 5 is the opportunity cost. The concepts in economics can be factual or value based. Objective and fact based information is referred as Positive Economics while value based and subjective information is related to the Normative Economics. Positive economics could be tested and proved or disapproved while the Normative Economics are opinion based. (McConnell, 2011) Macroeconomics and Microeconomics Before we go into further analysis it is very important to dis cuss about the two major branches of economics and that is differentiating between Microeconomics and Macroeconomics. These two branches have many basic common ideas and methods in common, the difference lies in the level to which they are studied and the way they are perceived. Microeconomics focuses on individual consumers, workers and firms each of which is too small to have an impact on the national economy. Macroeconomics avoids this distinction among many different kinds of goods, firms and markets that exist in the economy and instead focus on aggregate. For example, in their analysis macroeconomists do not care whether consumers are buying VCRs or DVD players, beef or chicken, Pepsi or Coke. It focuses on summing up individual variables to obtain economic wide totals called aggregation. (McConnell, 2011) Issues affecting the economy as a whole Studying about the structure of the economy is a part of Macroeconomics that studies the performance of the national economy and help s in designing policies that government use to influence the economy. (McConnell, 2011) There are certain issues that affect the economy and the main ones are: Business Cycle Growth in an economy is never smooth, it

Explain the legal powers and duties of local authorities in relation Essay

Explain the legal powers and duties of local authorities in relation to the protection of children. Consider whether any changes - Essay Example Researcher will likewise consider if there are still necessary legal amendments that should be undertaken to ensure that there is adequate protection given to children. The British government has accorded local government such powers and functions that encompassed direct, representative and consultative functions. In Northern Ireland, the councils work on policy legislation which bestowed power for local authorities and added ceremonial function that enable councils to provide a wide range of public services in areas which covered recreation, environmental health, ecological protection, tourism, economic development, and social services. Local authorities are also exercising representative functions that allowed the council to nominate representatives as members of various statutory bodies to establish and administer regional services that cover matters on education, health and social services, drainage and fire protection.1 Their consultative functions, which mandate council to repr esent the views of their population, on regional services operated within the district. Such power includes the power to be involved in developmental planning and for conservation.2 Their authorities are defined by statutes and agreements made in the interest of their district’s constituents.3 As leaders, performing elective or appointive functions, they lead the members of the community in safeguarding and promoting the welfare and protection of children. As such, they lead and work with statutory organisations performing functions on child rights and protection through laws, such as the duties enshrined under Section 11 of the Children Act 2004, an act that provide the establishment of a commission that mandates local authorities to provide services, legal supports, and enforce all statutes for children protection and care4. The policy described such functions, to wit: An Act to make provision for the establishment of a Children’s Commissioner; to make provision abou t services provided to and for children and young people by local authorities and other persons; to make provision in relation to Wales about advisory and support services relating to family proceedings; to make provision about private fostering, child minding and day care, adoption review panels, the defence of reasonable punishment, the making of grants as respects children and families, child safety orders, the Children’s Commissioner for Wales, the publication of material relating to children involved in certain legal proceedings and the disclosure by the Inland Revenue of information relating to children5 (Chapter 31, Children Act 2004; Legislation.gov.uk, 2013). Under this policy, the general function of the Children’s Commissioner involved (a) promotion of awareness on children’s views and interests in England; (b) encourage local authorities to conduct activities that uphold children’s right to express their views and their interests; (c) conduct research and publicize the operation of complaints

A strategic map of different drinks Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

A strategic map of different drinks - Essay Example Multi-brand Dominate brand Single brand Regional National International A strategic map provides a visual evaluation of how a brand dominates the market concerning its presence in the market. from the case study, the strategic map would be represented by the above graph. The products have been evaluated by comparing the brands and their presence in the market. other products available in a specific region have the lowest position in the strategic map, this is because they are a local product and the management has not focused on marketing. Comparing products available internationally, single brand products like Red bull and Rockstar are positioned lower compared to dominate and multi-brands. A brand with many products attracts a larger market share compared to a product with a single product. In the case study, Coca-Cola and Pepsi are better positioned compared to other brands under evaluation. For other brands to compete effectively with the best-positioned brands, the management ne eds to market the products to the international market. the management needs to strategize to ensure product diversity in a brand. Geographic distribution will increase product scope and diversity in a product will allow customers to have choice. Products like 5-hour energy are moderately positioned in the strategic map in terms of distribution, the single brand is distributed nationally placing it above regional brands (Gamble, 2010). 5. What key factors determine the success of alternative beverage producers?   The beverage industry is competitive due to the many players that have invested in it. The success of each player is dependent on various factors. One of the main factors is a strong brand name. some of the older and established brands have a larger market share compared to the newer brand. Companies like Coca-Cola and Pepsi have a larger market share. Market penetration is another factor influencing the success of products. Brands that have penetrated the market and have a global distribution system have more sales compared to local brands. The companies are able to advertise their products through developed distribution channels. Big companies like Pepsi and Coca-Cola have established productions and distribution outlets in many parts of the world to ensure that the customer has access to the product. The taste of the beverage is also a key factor, the beverage should have a unique taste that attracts clients to the brand. Coca-Cola has a secret formula that is passed down from generation to generation, giving Coca-Cola a unique global brand. The beverage companies invest heavily in the marketing of its products, marketing creates market awareness thus increasing the popularity of the products. Marketing also informs the customers of the variations in the products a brand has and their availability. Beverage companies have to invest in innovation. The management should ensure that the company competes not only in its primary competition group but also against other beverages in the market. 6. What recommendations would you make to Coca-Cola to improve its competitiveness in the global alternative beverage industry? to PepsiCo? to Red Bull GmbH? Coca-Cola has a good position in the market. To maintain this position, the company has to carry out extensive research to evaluate the customers’ needs in the global market. Through research, the company will be able to produce new products that will appeal to the dynamic beverage market. Through market research, the company will be able to evaluate the products being produced and discontinue production of non-profitable products. The resources can be reassigned to profitable product and the production of new products in the market (Gamble, 2010). Pepsi is also a strong brand in the market, the main

US Magnesium Essay Example for Free

US Magnesium Essay In Feb 2004, US Magnesium, the sole surviving US producer of magnesium, a metal that is primarily used in the manufacture of certain automobile parts and aluminum cans, filed a petition with the US International Trade Commission (ITC) contending that a surge in imports had caused material damage to the US industry’s employment, sales, market share, and profitability. According to US Magnesium, Russian and Chinese producers had been selling the metal at prices significantly below market value. During 2002 and 2003, imports of magnesium into the US rose 70%, while prices fell by 40% and the market share accounted for by imports jumped to 50% from 25%. â€Å"The US used to be the largest producer of magnesium in the world†, a US Magnesium spokesman said at the time of the filing. â€Å"What’s really sad is that you can be state of the art and have modern technology, and if the Chinese, who pay people less than 90 cents an hour, want to run you out of business, they can do it. And that’s why we are seeking relief†. During a yearlong investigation, the ITC solicited input from various sides in the dispute. Foreign producers and consumers of magnesium in the US argued that falling prices for magnesium during 2002 and 2003 simply reflected an imbalance between supply and demand due to additional capacity coming on stream not from Russia or China but from a planned Australian plant. The Canadian plant shut down in 2003, the Australian plant never went into operation, and prices for magnesium rose again in 2004. Magnesium consumers in the US also argued to the ITC that imposing antidumping duties on foreign imports of magnesium would raise prices in the US significantly above world levels. A spokesman for Alcoa, which mixes magnesium with aluminum to make alloys for cans, predicted that if antidumping duties were imposed, high magnesium prices in the US would force Alcoa to move some production out of the US. Alcoa also noted that in 2003, US Magnesium was unable to supply all of Alcoa’s needs, forcing the company to turn to imports. Consumers of magnesium in the automobile industry asserted that high prices in the US would drive engineers to design magnesium out of automobiles or force manufacturing elsewhere, which would ultimately hurt everyone. The six members of the ITC were not convinced by these arguments. In March 2005, the ITC ruled that both China and Russia had been dumping magnesium in the US. The government decided to impose duties ranging from 50% to more than 140% on imports of magnesium from China. Russian producers face duties ranging from 19% to 22%. The duties will be levied for five years, after which the ITC will revisit the situation. According to US Magnesium, the favorable ruling will now allow the company to reap the benefits of nearly $50 million in investments made in its manufacturing plant during the last few years and enable the company to boost its capacity by 28% by the end of 2005. Commenting on the favorable ruling, a US Magnesium spokesman noted, â€Å"Once unfair trade is removed from the marketplace we’ll be able to compete with anyone†. US Magnesium’s customers and competitors, however, did not view the situation in the 2002-2003 period as one of unfair trade. While the imposition of antidumping duties no doubt will help to protect US Magnesium and the 400 people it employs from foreign competition, magnesium consumers in the US are left wondering if they will be the ultimate losers.

How Do Dixons And Tandy Add Value To The Products They Sell? :: essays research papers

How Do Dixons and Tandy Add Value To The Products They Sell? How do Dixons and Tandy add value to the products that they sell, and, in doing so, what benefits are passed on to the consumer? Do high street consumer electronics stores offer better value for money than their mail-order counterparts? The raw price figures show that, obviously, the high street stores cost more than the mail-order stores, but are the benefits that the high street stores bring worth the extra price? I took the prices of five types of products, a large stereo, a portable system, a small television, a video recorder, and a computer. The large stereo was an AIWA NSX-V710, the portable system was a Sanyo MCD 278, the small televisions that I chose were not available in both stores, and so I had to choose similar models. The models I chose were the Matsui 14" Remote from Tandy and the Nokia 14" Remote from Dixons. The models were both available from the mail-order supplier, at the same price. The video recorder that I chose to use was an AKAI VSG745, and was in fact available from both stores. The computer was the most difficult part of the system to match, as the Dixons systems came with some added bonuses such as extra multimedia software and Internet capability. I therefore reduced the price of the Dixons machine to account for these differences, by deducting the price that it would cost to upgrade on the Tandy machine. So, to give the Tandy computer Internet capability would cost  £150, so that was deducted, and the multimedia software would have cost  £50, so that was deducted. The computer specification I aimed to have as a common platform was an Intel Pentium 120MHz machine, with 8MB RAM, a 14" monitor, at least a 1 GB Hard Disk and MPC level 2 capability (i.e. be able to use CD-ROM Multimedia titles). The mail order supplier I chose to match these specifications with was Computer Trading, as they offered a system which was a close match to the Tandy and Dixons ones, while having a low price. The common factor with all the products is that they are all more expensive than their mail-order price counterparts. This means that the high street stores 'add value'. Adding value is taking one or more parts or products, combining, changing or adding to them, in such a way that the perceived value of the product is increased by more than the cost of the change. For example you might expect to pay  £150 more than the cost of the

Essay --

Diana Abdelfattah March 13, 2014 Communication 101 1) Discuss the ethical issues involved in Internet use. Given an example. There are ethical issues involved in Internet use. One of the ethical issues are being anonymous allows for other people to bully through online use and more crime rates. For example, people are able to steal someone else works online or have someone write a paper for them. Sometimes, people are caught plagiarizing. This is an easy way for people to use someone works by stealing their way to success or passing a class. This all shows that many things you put on the Internet is permanent. Many people forget what they put on Facebook affect how you are perceived or will affect the way people are judged. More importantly many people use social media to bully while being anonymous. This provides an easy way because there are limit amount of laws to regulate this form of abuse. Also technology makes it easy to get away with bullying. Another way ethical issues are violated online is through online scams. People commit crimes such as credit card theft. Hackers can easily use technology to violate someone privacy by stealing information. Also technology makes it easy to have free content online which make it easy to download illegal like movies, music or television show instead of paying for them online. It violates copyright laws and prevents the company from gaining money for the content being used. All of this shows that online privacy is violated on the Internet. This by shows ethical issues involved in Internet use. 2) Explain why perceived differences and similarities are more important to attraction than actual differences and similarities. Give an example. The perceived differences and similarities ar... ... the main thesis (the take-home message) in Bennett, Lawrence, and Livingston (2006)? The main thesis in in Bennett, Lawrence, and Livingston (2006) is the sense that journalist using framing techniques are limited in providing readers with objectivity views. In the way they are force to behave this way thru the government to not shed the facts to be guard dogs. The article states the media fails in being partiality in providing the audience with an objectivity view of news frames. That this leads to the fact that journalists are not able to be independent when writing. Thus the white house holds more of the control of what is written when sent to the masses. Journalists are being guard dogs in the sense that they are limited in the information given and have the information censored. Compared to the journalist in being objective and being watchdogs for the masses.

Analysis of the “Doctor in the house” by Richard Gordon

This text is an extract from the book â€Å"Doctor in the house† written by Richard Gordon. He was born in 1921. He has been an anaesthetist at St. Bartholomew's Hospital, a ship's surgeon and an assistant editor of the British Medical Journal. He left medical practice in 1952 and started writing his â€Å"Doctor† series. The novels were very successful in Britain during the 1960s and 1970s. â€Å"Doctor in the House† is one of Gordon's twelve â€Å"Doctor† books and is noted for witty description of a medical student's years of professional training.The text under analysis belong to the psychological type and description type as it is concerned mainly with the emotional actions of the characters. This text is narration with elements of dialogues. The style of written prose is formal. Author mainly uses past tenses, but present – in dialogues. The events in the text refer to the real world and the author seeks to judge the text subjectively. The tex t under consideration is a witty and humorous description of such a hard and important thing in students’ life as their final exams.The author shows us the condition of students before, during and after exams, therefore, the aim of the text is to describe the students’ feelings, emotion and preparations for them. The subject-matter of this text is about sitting for examinations. The author tries to show the reader different actions and feelings during the passing the examinations. The composition of this text consists of the following components: exposition, when the author gives the concept of an examination. narration, when the author describes passing the examinations, an interesting story about passing an examination at Cambridge.climax, when the author shows the examination results. The ending is absent it means that the structure is opened. In that text Author shows us in detail the process of examination, but tries to show it through different actions and feelin gs of students during the passing the exams. The main character is medical student R. Gordon and his student-colleagues. The story takes place at the examination room when their fate is being decided. The atmosphere in the text is filled with tension and pressure that is drawn on hero by the situation and conflict he is facing.We learn about the students well, because the author has created true-to-life characters, even more so the Author was passing the examinations himself. The author proves to be a real master. And he employs a lot of expressive means and stylistic devices to make the story vivid and bright. The text is emotionally moving, and some details produce an emotional reaction. The conflict is to be considered as tension in the story. This particular extract of the book gives us the idea of uncontrollable force impersonated by examinations against the student whose fate is in their hands.At some point oral exam becomes some kind of a lottery for the hero â€Å"to winâ⠂¬  the question he know answer to. However the real answer here is with the hero himself, struggling against his lack of self-confidence which marks the inner conflict and the unfairness of life The type of conflict here is Person and Self. The story is told from first person narration and we can see the situation with his own eyes. The main character – medical student R. Gordon is round and dynamic character. Author tells us about him nothing, because he wants to say that Gordon is an ordinary student.Author uses indirect method of characterization, and we can learn something of him only through his feelings. The general slant of the text, judging from the peculiar usage of epithets and metaphors with intentionally tragic coloring towards common life situations is comic. Let`s simply remember the comparison of written papers exam room with the court hall, the doors of which are flanked by dispassionate porters and the judge sits above all, just the way the invigilator was placed.Another vivid example is the simile of viva waiting room to the condemned cell, which seemed incredibly accurate to the student but to the reader it only proved how very afraid of viva the narrator was. For example by a simile â€Å"the final examinations are something like death† the author shows condition of a student before an examination as close to death, â€Å"like a prize-fighter† also shows a contest, then the author compares, using the simile, the students that want to produce a certain impression and looking at professor like the â€Å"impressionable music enthusiasts gazing at the solo violinist†.Author uses a lot of very bright and vivid similes in order to give us a chance to feel the nerves and stress characters felt – â€Å"My palms were as wet as sponges†. Medical textbooks compared through metaphor to a â€Å"well-trodden paths†. Also the usage of hyperbolas lets us to understand how the hero felt while expecting the results â€Å"room had suddenly come to a frightening, unexpected silence and stillness, like an unexploded bomb†. The author brilliantly uses the allusion referring to the Bible’s Judgment day. We discover that final exams are death and the Secretary as an archangel corresponds where they would go to the paradise or to hell.â€Å"The candidate would step up closely to the Secretary, who would say simply â€Å"Pass† or â€Å"Failed†. Successful men would go upstairs to receive the congratulations and handshakes of the examiners and failures would slink miserably out of the exit to seek the opiate oblivion. † This extract is constructed around the single theme which can be formulated as procedure of the exams. The author uses numerous thematic words, such as: the student, the final examinations, the exams, to prepare, the examiners, cheating, textbooks, to swot up, the written papers, uniformed, examinees, knowledge, tripos, viva, marking, grading, to pass and so on.Besides the basic theme the text touches upon many very important secondary themes: the psychological types of students, cheating at the exams, students’ prejudice, disadvantage of women student at the exams, the psychological pressure of the process of the examination on the students. The main idea conveyed by the author may be expressed as: the final examinations are reason for a great psychological pressure and a real challenge for the students. The following key words can prove it: student, exams, viva, writing papers, contest, prize-fighter, fighting spirit, to hope, to hit, depressing and others.Thanks to an interesting subject this story occupies the reader’s attention. It makes us to empathize with the students and feel their psychological state. But despite of numerous frightful similes we may see ironical slant of text which make it interesting to read. Having read only one fragment from the â€Å"Doctor in the house†, I found that Ri chard Gordon is a talented writer, who could perfectly reflect the students’ emotion avoided usage of cliches and shown the common issue of young people with self-confidence and self-esteem from the angle of irony.